Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects the shape and function of red blood cells. Instead of being round and flexible, the red blood cells are crescent-shaped and can become rigid and sticky. This can cause blockages in blood vessels, leading to various health complications.

Sickle cell disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, which means that a person needs to inherit two abnormal copies of the hemoglobin gene (one from each parent) to have the disease. If a person inherits only one abnormal copy, they will have the sickle cell trait but not the disease itself.

The symptoms of sickle cell disease can vary among individuals, but common symptoms include severe pain episodes known as "sickle cell crises," anaemia, fatigue, jaundice, and increased susceptibility to infections. Other complications can include organ damage, stroke, and delayed growth and development in children.

Sickle cell disease can be diagnosed through various methods, including newborn screening tests, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and genetic testing. Newborn screening programs are available in many countries to identify infants with sickle cell disease early on, allowing for early intervention and management.

The treatment of sickle cell disease aims to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve quality of life. This can include medications to relieve pain, prevent infections, and manage complications like anaemia and organ damage. Blood transfusions, hydroxyurea therapy, and bone marrow transplant may also be considered in certain cases.

Currently, there is no cure for sickle cell disease. However, advancements in medical care have significantly improved the prognosis and quality of life for individuals with the disease. Early diagnosis, regular medical care, and adopting a healthy lifestyle can help manage the symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.