Total Knee Replacement (TKR), or Total Knee Arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure in which diseased parts of the knee joint are resurfaced with artificial parts (prostheses).

Total Knee Replacement is a method to relieve pain and restore function to an arthritic knee. The most common reason for knee replacement is that other treatments (weight loss, medicines and injections) have failed to relieve arthritis- associated knee pain.
The primary goal of knee replacement is to relieve pain. Secondarily, it improves the quality of life and knee function.

Total Knee Replacement involves minimal removal of diseased joint surfaces like Tibia, Femur and a Knee Cap (Patella) and replacing it with prostheses.

There are numerous options available for these high end procedures but, essentially it involves articulation of medical grade/biocompatible metal with medical grade polyethylene.

The patient can expect to be relieved of his crippling arthritic pain within a few weeks. After a surgery, the patient can mobilise straight away with the help of support and physiotherapy.

Frozen Shoulder, also known as Adhesive Capsulitis, is a common condition in which the articular shoulder capsule (not to be confused with the rotator cuff) thickens and tightens, restricting its mobility. It typically affects only one shoulder, however it can affect both shoulders.

Frozen Shoulder happens to 1 in 50 people on its own, without any known cause. However, people with Diabetes Mellitus, Thyroid problems, Heart pain, Heart Bypass or Breast Surgery are more likely to get it.

1. Severe pain, especially at night when the person lies down.
2. Gradually increasing stiffness in the shoulder and difficulty in performing daily routine activities like reaching the back and combing the hair.

The condition can be diagnosed with a proper history and physical examination by a specialist, and an X-ray examination.

In the freezing phase, rest and cold packs are enough. When the shoulder has been frozen for about 6-9 months, then proper Physiotherapy (done by the patients themselves) or surgical interventions like Key Hole Surgery can restore full range of movements. Usually, Frozen Shoulder heals by itself in three years (60%) to seven years (90%). Only 10 to 15% of patients require Arthroscopy (Key Hole Surgery). Physiotherapy plays a key role whether or not the surgery is required.

Arthritis is a joint disorder featuring inflammation. A joint is an area of the body where two or more different bones meet. A joint functions to move the body parts connected by its bones. Arthritis literally means inflammation of one or more joints and may involve the breakdown of cartilage.

Without the normal amount of cartilage, the bones rub together causing pain, swelling (inflammation) and stiffness. Some of the causes for the breakdown of the cartilage, and subsequent inflammation of the joints are:

1. Broken bone
2. Infection in the area
3. Autoimmune disorder
4. General wear and tear of joints because of aging

Some of the symptoms of arthritis are:

1. Joint pain and swelling
2. Stiffness, especially in the morning
3. Warmth around a joint
4. Redness of skin around a joint
5. Feeling discomfort in movement of a joint

Degenerative: An age related arthritis.

Infective: Due to any infection.

Trauma: Due to injury to bones forming a joint.

Inflammatory: Due to systemic involvement because of autoimmune condition or excess production of crystals.

1. Joint Preserving Techniques: These include lifestyle modifications and open / Arthroscopic Debridement of Joint.
2. Joint Replacement Techniques.