Understanding Cervical Cancer
What Is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer originates in the cells lining the cervix—the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Before cancer develops, these cells often undergo precancerous changes, a process known as dysplasia. This transformation typically unfolds over several years, providing a window for early detection and intervention. Regular Pap tests can identify these changes, allowing for timely treatment to prevent the progression to cancer.
Causes and Risk Factors
The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly strains 16 and 18, which are responsible for approximately 70% of cases globally.
Other risk factors including:
Smoking
A weakened immune system
Long-term use of oral contraceptives
Early sexual activity and multiple sexual partners
Understanding these risk factors is crucial for prevention and early detection strategies.
Recognizing Symptoms
In its early stages, cervical cancer often presents no symptoms, underscoring the importance of regular screenings. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include
Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause
Unusual vaginal discharge, possibly tinged with blood
Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse
Increased frequency of urinationThese symptoms can also be associated with other conditions, but it's essential to consult a healthcare provider if they occur.
Diagnostic Procedures
Screening Tests
Regular screening is vital for early detection. The Pap test identifies precancerous or cancerous cells on the cervix, while the HPV test detects the presence of high-risk HPV strains.
Women aged 21-29: Pap test every three years
Women aged 30-64: Pap and HPV co-testing every five years or Pap test alone every three years
Diagnostic Tests
If screening results are abnormal, further diagnostic procedures may include:
Colposcopy: A detailed examination of the cervix using a colposcope to identify abnormal areas.
Biopsy: Removal of a small tissue sample from the cervix for laboratory analysis.
These tests help determine the presence and extent of cervical cancer.
Treatment Options
Treatment for cervical cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of the disease, tumour size, patient's age, overall health, and desire to preserve fertility.
Surgical Interventions
Cryosurgery (Cryotherapy): Freezing and destroying precancerous tissue.
Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP): Using electrical current to remove abnormal tissue.
Cone Biopsy: Removing a cone-shaped section of abnormal tissue.
Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus and cervix.
Radical Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and surrounding tissues.
Trachelectomy: Removal of the cervix while preserving the uterus, suitable for women wishing to maintain fertility.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. Types include:
External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): Directing radiation at the tumour from outside the body.
Brachytherapy: Placing radioactive material inside the body near the cancer cells.
Radiation therapy is often combined with chemotherapy for enhanced effectiveness.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from dividing. It can be administered orally or intravenously and is often used in conjunction with radiation therapy, especially in advanced stages of cervical cancer.
Immunotherapy
Emerging treatments like Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) therapy are showing promise. TIL therapy involves extracting immune cells from the tumour, multiplying them in the lab, and reintroducing them into the patient to fight cancer cells.
Prevention and Early Detection
Preventive measures are crucial in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer:
HPV Vaccination: Vaccines like Gardasil protect against the most common cancer-causing HPV strains.
Regular Screenings: Adhering to recommended Pap and HPV testing schedules.
Safe Sexual Practices: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners.
Smoking Cessation: Avoiding tobacco use to reduce risk.
Education and awareness campaigns are essential to encourage these preventive practices.
Living with Cervical Cancer
A cervical cancer diagnosis can be life-altering, but many patients lead fulfilling lives during and after treatment. Support systems, including counselling, support groups, and survivorship
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