1. Can artificial sweeteners damage heart health?

Ans. The effects of artificial sweeteners on heart health are still a topic of ongoing research, and there is no definitive consensus on whether or not they directly damage heart health. Artificial sweeteners are low-calorie or calorie-free alternatives to sugar that are often used as sugar substitutes in various food and beverage products.

Some studies have suggested a potential link between artificial sweeteners and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, while others have found no significant association. For example, a study published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology in 2019 suggested an association between higher consumption of artificially sweetened beverages and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. However, it's important to note that this study only found an association and not a direct causal relationship.

On the other hand, other studies have found no significant negative effects of artificial sweeteners on heart health. For instance, a review published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2018 concluded that there is no convincing evidence to support the claim that artificial sweeteners directly harm cardiovascular health.

It's worth noting that artificial sweeteners have been approved as safe for consumption by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) when consumed within acceptable daily intake levels. These agencies have set specific guidelines and safety thresholds for the use of artificial sweeteners in food and beverages.

However, individual reactions and sensitivities can vary, and some people may experience adverse effects from consuming artificial sweeteners, such as digestive issues or allergic reactions. If you have any concerns about artificial sweeteners or their potential effects on your heart health, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide personalized advice based on your specific circumstances.

2. How healthy or unhealthy are zero-sugar sweet drinks (diet coke, juices, etc.) and "health" foods (bars, muesli, cereal) and why?

Ans. Zero-sugar sweet drinks, such as diet coke, and "health" foods like bars, muesli, and cereal, can have varying degrees of healthiness. While they may not contain added sugars, they can still pose potential health concerns depending on their overall nutritional composition. For instance:

    * Zero-sugar sweet drinks: Diet coke and other artificially sweetened beverages are low in calories and sugar. However, studies have raised concerns about the potential adverse effects of artificial sweeteners on metabolic health, gut microbiota, and even weight management. Some research suggests that they may still contribute to cravings for sweet foods, leading to overeating or making less healthy food choices.

    * "Health" foods: Products like bars, muesli, and cereal marketed as healthy alternatives can vary greatly in their nutritional quality. Some may be highly processed, containing added sugars or unhealthy fats despite their "healthy" branding. It's important to read labels carefully and choose options that are minimally processed, contain whole, nutritious ingredients, and are low in added sugars and artificial additives.

3. Should people start treating zero sugar sweet foods and drinks as "sugary" or harmful foods?

Ans. Based on the WHO finding, it would be prudent for individuals to reevaluate their perception of zero sugar sweet foods and drinks. While it may not be necessary to label them as "sugary" or harmful foods outright, it's important to recognize that they may not offer the health benefits that were previously assumed. Moderation and mindful consumption are key. Individuals should be cautious about overreliance on non-sugar sweeteners and be aware of potential risks associated with their use. Opting for whole, natural foods and drinks that are not heavily processed is generally a healthier choice.

4. What are the healthy alternatives to non-sugar sweeteners and foods/drinks containing these sweeteners?

Ans. Instead of relying solely on non-sugar sweeteners, there are several healthy alternatives available. These options provide sweetness while also offering additional nutritional benefits:

    * Whole fruits: Fruits contain natural sugars along with fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Consuming whole fruits can provide a satisfying sweet taste and contribute to a balanced diet.

    * Herbs and spices: Adding herbs like cinnamon, nutmeg, or vanilla, or spices like ginger or cardamom, can enhance the flavor of foods and drinks without relying on sweeteners.

    * Stevia and monk fruit: If individuals still desire sweetness, natural sweeteners like stevia or monk fruit extract can be considered. These alternatives are derived from plant sources and have fewer known health risks compared to artificial sweeteners.

    * Mindful use of natural sugars: Small amounts of natural sweeteners like honey, maple syrup, or molasses can be used judiciously to add sweetness to dishes, but it's important not to rely on them excessively.

It's worth noting that even with these alternatives, moderation is key, as excessive consumption of any sweeteners, including natural ones, can have negative health effects. A balanced and varied diet consisting of whole, unprocessed foods should be the foundation of a healthy eating pattern.