Pediatric Eye Care
Bright Eyes, Bright Future

A child’s eyes are their window to the world. Good vision is essential for learning, social development, and overall well-being. Pediatric eye care focuses on the early detection, prevention, and treatment of eye problems in children—from birth through adolescence.

 Why Pediatric Eye Care Matters

Children may not always realize or express that they have vision problems. Left untreated, even minor eye issues can lead to long-term complications such as poor academic performance, social difficulties, or permanent vision loss.

Common childhood eye conditions include:

• Refractive errors (nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism)
• Lazy eye (amblyopia)
• Crossed eyes (strabismus)
• Blocked tear ducts
• Eye infections or allergies
• Congenital cataracts or glaucoma

 Signs Your Child May Need an Eye Check-Up:

• Squinting or tilting the head to see
• Frequent eye rubbing or blinking
• Holding books or screens very close
• Complaints of headaches or eye pain
• Poor hand-eye coordination
• Avoiding reading or near tasks
• Wandering or crossed eyes

 Importance of Early Eye Exams

Eye screening should begin as early as 6 months of age, with follow-up exams at 3 years and again before starting school. Early diagnosis allows for timely treatment and the best chance for healthy vision development.

 Treatment Options

Most conditions can be treated effectively with:

• Prescription glasses
• Eye patches (for lazy eye)
• Eye drops or ointments
• Minor surgical procedures (if needed)

Regular follow-ups help ensure proper vision growth as your child ages.

Healthy Eyes for a Healthy Childhood
Good vision is key to success in school and life. Make pediatric eye exams a part of your child’s healthcare routine. If you notice any warning signs or if your child has a family history of eye problems, consult a pediatric eye specialist.

 Cataract Surgery – Regain Clear Vision
A Simple Procedure. A Big Difference.

A cataract is a common eye condition where the natural lens of the eye becomes cloudy, leading to blurred or dim vision. It often develops as we age, but can also be caused by injury, certain medications, or medical conditions like diabetes. Cataract surgery is a safe and effective procedure to restore clear vision—and it’s one of the most commonly performed surgeries worldwide.

 What is Cataract Surgery?

Cataract surgery involves removing the cloudy lens from your eye and replacing it with a clear artificial lens called an intraocular lens (IOL). The procedure is usually quick, painless, and done under local anesthesia. Most patients go home the same day and notice improved vision within a few days.

 Benefits of Cataract Surgery:

• Clearer and sharper vision
• Better color perception
• Improved quality of life
• Reduced dependence on glasses (in some cases)

 What to Expect:

• Procedure Time: 15–30 minutes per eye
• Anesthesia: Local (numbing eye drops or injection)
• Hospital Stay: Daycare – no overnight stay required
• Recovery: Vision improves within a few days; full recovery in 3–4 weeks

 After Surgery:

• Avoid rubbing your eyes
• Use prescribed eye drops regularly
• Wear protective eyewear as advised
• Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activities for a few weeks

Most people return to normal daily activities within a week, but your eye specialist will guide you based on your healing.

 Who Needs Cataract Surgery?

If you have blurred, cloudy vision that interferes with your daily tasks—like reading, driving, or recognizing faces—you may be a candidate. A detailed eye exam can confirm if surgery is the right option.

See the World Clearly Again
Cataract surgery is quick, safe, and life-changing. Speak with your ophthalmologist to learn more and take the first step toward brighter, sharper vision.

 Diabetes Eye Care & Diabetic Retinopathy
Protect Your Vision, Manage Your Diabetes

Living with diabetes requires more than just managing blood sugar—it also means taking extra care of your eyes. One of the most serious complications of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy, a condition that can damage the retina and lead to vision loss if not detected early.

 What is Diabetic Retinopathy?

Diabetic retinopathy occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the tiny blood vessels in the retina—the part of the eye that senses light. Over time, these vessels can leak fluid, bleed, or grow abnormally, affecting your vision.

Early Signs to Watch For:

• Blurred or fluctuating vision
• Dark spots or floaters
• Difficulty seeing at night
• Sudden vision loss in one or both eyes

Often, there are no symptoms in the early stages, which is why regular eye check-ups are crucial.

 Eye Care Tips for Diabetics:

• Get an annual dilated eye exam – even if your vision seems fine
• Control blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol
• Avoid smoking – it increases the risk of eye complications
• Follow a healthy diet and exercise plan
• Report vision changes immediately to your eye doctor

 Treatment Options:

If detected early, diabetic retinopathy can be treated through:

• Laser therapy (photocoagulation) to stop blood leakage
• Injections to reduce swelling and prevent abnormal vessel growth
• Surgery (vitrectomy) in advanced cases to remove blood and scar tissue

 Why Early Detection Matters:

Early stages may not affect vision, but without treatment, retinopathy can lead to blindness. Regular eye exams can detect changes before symptoms arise, helping preserve sight and prevent further damage.

Your Vision is Worth Protecting
If you have diabetes, don’t wait for symptoms. Make eye health a part of your diabetes care routine. Talk to your ophthalmologist today.

Gallbladder is a small, pear shaped organ, tucked under the liver in the upper right part of the abdomen. Normal gallbladder stores a small portion of bile produced by the liver and concentrates bile by removing water. Liver produces about 1.5 litres of bile in 24 hours. Most of the bile flows to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) directly. Gallbladder releases only about 150 ml bile into the small intestine when food is eaten and aids in the digestion of fatty food.

When the ratio of bile salts, cholesterol and fluid inside the gallbladder becomes unbalanced, some of the chemicals solidify and form gallstones (a kind of sediment). In majority of patients, cholesterol is the major solid component. 
While reasons for gallstone formation may be multiple and vary from one person to other, generally: 
(i)    Gallstones, are four times more common in females than males. 
(ii)    Gallstones are more common in females who had pregnancies and are overweight. 
(iii)    Excess fat in the diet is one of the risk factor. 
(iv)    Long fasting hours, contraceptive pills, typhoid may be some contributing factors. 
However, the cause of gallstone formation may not be apparent. Also no age 
is exempt and gallstones may form even in a thin, teenager or a child. 
Our youngest patient was six years old.

While some gallstones may have no noticeable symptoms, most often they are the cause of pain and other problems.

In the Gallbladder 
The stones may be silent, cause pain in upper abdomen lasting for a few hours (biliary colic) with nausea, vomiting, bloating, heartburn and back pain. After many years of irritation, stones may cause cancer of the gallbladder. North India has the highest incidences of gallbladder cancer in the world. Detection of cancer may be difficult' in a gallbladder which has become small and contracted.

In the Cystic Duct
Gallstones may block the cystic duct causing retention of fluid in the gallbladder (mucocele) or super added infection (acute cholecystitis) resulting in prolonged pain, fever and loss of appetite. Patients having acute cholecystitis need hospitalization and injectable antibiotics. 
After treatment, the infection may resolve or lead to pus formation (Empyema). 
Empyema is more common in patients with diabetes, who are also prone to 
perforation of gallbladder and leakage of pus (pericholecystic abscess).

In the common bile duct
The stone may move out of the gallbladder through the cystic duct and block the common bile duct. The flow of bile from liver into the intestine gets obstructed and bile gets back into the blood causing jaundice, fever and damage to the liver. Migrating stone may block opening of bile duct into the intestine with swelling of the pancreas (acute pancreatitis) which may require weeks of hospital treatment and may be fatal.

Cholecystectomy: The only effective cure for gallstones

Once stones have formed in the gallbladder, removal of stones with the gallbladder is the only acceptable and effective treatment for permanent cure. are formed due to fault in the gallbladder (infection, incomplete emptying, excess water absorption), therefore the gallbladder must be removed. Since the gallbladder is already infected, has decreased capacity (due to stones and shrinkage) and is often non-functioning, the digestion is not affected by Gallbladder removal. This also eliminates the risk of subsequent cancer. If only stones are removed, the gallbladder will form new stones in the majority of patients. This approach is therefore not accepted. There is no effective medicine to cure gall stones.

The traditional way to remove the diseased gallbladder was through a 15 to 20 cm incision in the abdomen, cutting skin; fat, and three layers of muscles underneath, which were then stitched back in layers (open surgery). Now, the same surgery can be performed through tiny skin punctures, without damaging underlying muscles. The technique is called Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. 

The benefits of laparoscopic procedure over open surgery are impressive. By decreasing injury to skin and muscles, the resultant pain and discomfort are reduced. Oral intake can be started by the same evening. Most of the patients can be discharged from the hospital the next day as compared to three to five days after open surgery. After laparoscopic cholecystectomy, recovery time (at home) is usually around five days as compared to three-six weeks for open surgery. Tiny punctures of laparoscopic surgery are cosmetically superior to long scar of conventional surgery.

Once the diagnosis is made, the following facts should be kept in mind: 
(i)    It is better to undergo the procedure before any complication (acute cholecystitis, jaundice) has occurred. Presence of complications increases hospital stay and may require additional investigations and procedures thereby adding to discomfort, morbidity and cost. Presence of complications also increases the operating time, chances of conversion to open surgery and prolongs hospital stay and recovery. 
(ii)    Small/multiple stones have higher potential of slipping out of the gallbladder through the cystic duct into the common bile duct and producing serious complications like jaundice or pancreatitis. They should be treated early. 
(iii)    If you have diabetes, you live alone, travel frequently or have to travel abroad, it is better to get rid of the disease at the earliest. 
(iv)    After cholecystectomy, there is no risk of recurrence of gallbladder stones since the organ at fault has been removed. 
(v)    Removal of the gallbladder generally leads to no permanent disability or deficiency of the digestive system since in majority of patients, the gallbladder was already non-functioning. In others, the digestion, including that of fatty food, returns back to normal in four-six weeks after which one can enjoy all kinds of food. 
(vi)    In an otherwise healthy person, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and simple procedure. While most surgeons use 11 mm instruments for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, we use finer instruments with significantly smaller punctures of three to five mm for this procedure and no stitches are required (sutureless mini/micro laparoscopic cholecystectomy). 
This saves you from apprehension and discomfort of suture/clip removal.

Detailed history and physical examination may help in identifying gallbladder problem and ruling out other causes of pain. Ultrasound has high accuracy (98%) for diagnosing gallstones and associated acute cholecystitis. It may reveal information if stone has passed into the bile duct Blood tests may also suggest possibility of stone in the common bile duct. Occasionally MRCP, ERCP or CT scan may be required.
 
Your Surgical Experience Conventionally, the surgery is performed through four tiny punctures. Through the navel, the surgeon inserts a laparoscope which is attached to a lightweight, medical grade video camera. The camera sends images to a monitor, allowing the surgeon and his team to see inside the body. 

Through other punctures, specially designed instruments are inserted. The gallbladder is disconnected from its attachments and removed through the highest incisions.

The procedure is performed under general anaesthesia. While each case has unique characteristics, It generally takes about 20 to 30 minutes for the procedure and only 24 hours hospital stay is required.

Because of our extensive experience in laparoscopic surgery, number of stones, size of the stones, size of the gallbladder, presence of acute cholecystitis etc. do not influence the decision against laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Even excessive obesity, in our hands, does not go against laparoscopic procedure. Our specialisations include surgery for weight loss (Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy and bypass).

In our hands, Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely performed in a large number of patients despite previous (multiple) abdominal operations, second trimester of pregnancy and associated diabetes and heart conditions. With good hospital backup, today there are very few contraindications for laparoscopic surgery. 

During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, if at any stage it is felt that it is not safe to continue, the. procedure may be converted to open surgery.

The conversion rate to open surgery varies from centre to centre and surgeon to surgeon. Important factors influencing conversion rate are experience and skill of the surgeon and quality of the instruments.

Accepted conversion rate is about two or five percent. Conversion in hands of our team is less than 0.1 percent and is generally limited to patients having pus in the gallbladder, multiple previous surgeries or when lung/cardiac condition during surgery prompts conversion to open surgery. In case of conversion, gallbladder is removed through the smallest possible incision. 
 

Risks and Complications:

Any gallbladder surgery has risks and complications.

These include: 
• Excessive bleeding 
• Infection 
• Injury to abdominal organs 
• Injury to common bile duct 
• General anaesthesia carries little more risk in patients with diseases of the heart, lungs, kidneys and other systemic problems. 
Each Center and each surgeon has a complication rate different from others.

Our Doctors have large experience of laparoscopic surgery and excellent infrastructure of anaesthesia make the procedure safer and simpler in our setup. In around 12,000 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, technical complications have been encountered in only 0.1% of our patients. There has been no technical complication in our last 5000 patients. We have even removed gallbladder laparoscopically in patients on whom cholecystectomy was attempted else where earlier and part or whole of the gallbladder was left behind due to technical difficulties. 

At Fortis Hospital, Greater Noida, the team is specially skilled and instead of making four cuts, the gallbladder is removed with one 12 mm cut through the belly button which is completely hidden (scarless). Ask your doctor for more information. 

Before Surgery

Your general health will be checked with routine blood and other tests. Before admission, an Anaesthesiologist will go through your reports along with physical examination. 
Don't take aspirin or other blood thinning medication for five days before surgery. Smoking should be stopped before surgery. 

Navel should be cleaned thoroughly with soap and water for two-three days before surgery to remove any dirt or concretions. 

The day before surgery, you can take normal dinner. Do not eat or drink anything after midnight. Oral Medicines for diabetes should be stopped on the day of surgery. Medicines for blood pressure, heart disease or asthma can be taken at six am in the morning with a sip of water. If your surgery Is scheduled In the afternoon, you will be given intravenous fluid after admission. 
 

What to bring along
•    All investigation reports 
•    Doctors prescription 
•    Insurance details (receipt of bills) 
•    On going medications 
•    Jewellery and other valuables to be left at home

In the Hospital: On the day of surgery

After the operation you will be kept in the recovery room for one to three hours and given oxygen by mask. The decision to shift you to the room is taken by the anaesthesiologist and depends on many factors. Oxygen may be continued in the room. You may experience nausea and may even vomit in the first few hours. This should not cause any worry. Sitting up in the bed and taking deep breaths will reduce the feeling of nausea. You will find small bandages covering your incisions. The drip inserted in your vein to give you fluid may stay overnight. You may also have some discomfort in your right shoulder. This is temporary and will go away by itself. Shoulder pain decreases on lying flat in the bed. In the room you can move and sit up in the bed and turn to any side. After a few hours you can walk to the washroom. Walking enhances blood circulation through your body, improves lung function and decreases pain.

The drip can be temporarily discontinued for walking to the washroom.

You are generally allowed to have liquids by mouth five hours after the procedure. You should first sit up, take deep breaths and have a few sips of water. Gradually you can increase the amount and later can have tea or clear soup. Do not refuse any medication/injection. Each medicine has more than one purpose and is given to hasten your recovery.

The day after surgery

You can have normal breakfast in the morning and semi-solid food in the day (khichri, porridge, bread, toast, biscuits, cookies). Some bloating of abdomen may be present which will decrease after passage of wind and stool. Since nothing much was taken by mouth the day before, one generally does not pass stools and hence should not strain.
You will be generally discharged on the next day of operation unless there is some medical/social reason. You can walk normally and can climb stairs slowly.

At Home

Take soft diet for two days. Normal, home cooked food with less cooking oil can be started three days after surgery. During first week avoid whatever does not suit your stomach. It is helpful to take small frequent meals. Milk, Coffee and citrus juices should be avoided for a week. Soft fruits can be easily digested. Prescribed medication also helps in decreasing gas and acidity. Some patients may have loose stools during this period.

Your dressings are water proof. You can take a bath 48 hours after surgery.

Do not rub over the dressings. The skin punctures are sealed with glue and there is no stitch or clip on the skin. Do not worry if bandages come out. They need not be replaced. Water can flow over bandages. One can start going outdoors after three days and return to normal activity in five to seven days. If you do not pass stool 48 hrs after surgery, push two dulcolax suppositories through the rectum to help you evacuate. 

Medication

•    If you have not passed motion despite laxatives three days after surgery, use enema. 'Proctoclys enema' is available in all medical stores and is easy to use. You also need to increase roughage in the diet, take plenty of water and increase activity. 
•    If you feel colicky abdominal pain add Tab Eldicet 1 Tab three times a day 30 mins before meal for three days. If pain is not relieved take cap. Spasmo- proxyvon twice a day for two days. 
•    If you feel bloated add Tab Festal-N one Tab three times a day with meal for one week. 
•    If you feel acidity, add Tab Razo 20mgs. twice a day in the morning empty stomach and 30 mins before dinner for seven days. 
•    If you have loose stools omit night laxative. You may also take Tab Norflox 400 mgs. twice daily for three days if stools are watery or more than four to five times a day, take electrol powder in water and drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. 
 

Your Clinic Appointment

You should fix up an appointment with your surgeon seven to ten days after surgery. 
Call earlier if you have any significant symptom like fever, vomiting etc. 
Collect your histopathology report of the gallbladder before meeting your surgeon. 
The bandages will be removed on your visit if they have not come out earlier. After removing the dressing, apply some skin cream on the cuts twice a day for five to seven days. Some patients may have minor serum discharge from one of the wounds. Do not worry and just mop it dry with clean cloth and apply antiseptic ointment neosporin. 
 

Back to Normal

One can start driving and join work five to seven days after lap chole. It is better to avoid long working hours during the initial days.

Your body should decide how much to work. It is advisable to avoid fatigue during first few days. Outstation patients can leave Delhi after four to five days.
Business Traveling can be resumed after seven to ten days.
One can gradually increase fat content in the diet and after five to six weeks there is hardly any restriction in diet or activity.

 Cosmetic Eye Surgery (Blepharoplasty)
Brighten Your Eyes. Refresh Your Look. Boost Your Confidence.

Your eyes are one of the first things people notice—and often the first area to show signs of aging. Cosmetic eye surgery, or blepharoplasty, is a transformative procedure that rejuvenates the upper and/or lower eyelids by removing excess skin, fat, and puffiness. The result? A youthful, alert, and naturally refreshed appearance.

 Why Choose Cosmetic Eye Surgery?
Over time, eyelid skin stretches, and the muscles weaken, causing droopy eyelids, under-eye bags, and a tired look. Some people even experience blocked vision due to sagging upper lids. Blepharoplasty corrects these issues and enhances facial symmetry—helping you look as vibrant as you feel.

 What to Expect:

• Procedure Time: 1–2 hours
• Anesthesia: Local or general, depending on the case
• Hospital Stay: Usually not needed (daycare procedure)
• Scarring: Minimal, hidden in natural eyelid folds
• Downtime: Most return to work within 7–10 days

 Benefits at a Glance:

• Brighter, more youthful-looking eyes
• Smoother, tighter eyelid skin
• Reduced puffiness and bags under the eyes
• Improved peripheral vision (if impaired)
• Boost in self-esteem and facial confidence

 Who Is It For?
If you are a healthy adult with drooping lids, tired-looking eyes, or under-eye bags—and you’re looking for a safe, lasting way to refresh your appearance—this could be your ideal solution.

 Recovery Tips:
Expect some swelling or bruising for a few days. Use cold compresses, follow your surgeon’s instructions, and give yourself time to heal. Results become more noticeable as swelling subsides—and continue to improve over the following weeks.

Ready for a Refreshed You?
Consult a qualified cosmetic or oculoplastic surgeon to explore your options. Cosmetic eye surgery is more than a procedure—it’s a confidence boost that lets your inner glow shine through.