Pre-Operative Hygiene Pre operative hygiene is an important factor for the success of a surgery or procedure. The Health care staff will ensure prevention of infections. You as a patient or an attendant to the patient must take care of the following:

1. Commence by thoroughly wetting your face and body
2. Use octinidine shampoo for the head and face. (NOT chlorhexidine 4%)
3. Using a sponge to apply antiseptic solution, and working downwards, wash your armpits/axilla and belly button thoroughly. Keep on the wash solution for at least 5 minutes
4. Wash very well around the genital and anal region. It is especially important for a man to wash well around the penis and under the scrotum. Equal care and attention is needed for the skin folds of the vulvain women.
5. Working downwards cover the groin and buttocks and identified surgical site. It is important that the entire body surface is washed, but these areas identified, require special attention.
6. After washing all these important areas, carefully and thoroughly rinse your body well with water.
7. Finally, Wipe your body and using a freshly laundered dry towel, dry yourself thoroughly. Clean clothes should then be worn.

Will I need to visit the hospital again after my laparoscopy? 

Depending on the findings of the laparoscopy,you may need to attend the hospital at a later date. This will be discussed with you and the doctor prior to discharge and any necessary arrangements will be made.

What happens when I go home?
When you go home you may experience some period like pain. You should not experience severe pain or have a temperature. It is not uncommon to experience pain in the legs and shoulders. This is nothing to worry about and is caused by any air left in your abdomen dispersing.

What is a Hysteroscopy?

 Hysteroscopy is a technique which allows a doctor to look directly into the womb. A thin telescope called a hysteroscope is passed very gently through the cervix (the neck of the womb) into the womb itself. By attaching the hysteroscope to a TV camera and either looking at the screen or looking down the telescope, a full clear view of the inside of the womb is seen. At this stage, any disease can be seen and a biopsy (a sample of tissue) taken if necessary. This may well have been done already at an earlier stage during a previous visit to Gynaecological Out- patients. While viewing inside of the womb, small polyps or indeed lost intrauterine contraceptive devices can be retrieved.

What should you expect? 

The preparation: When you come to the department the doctor will explain the procedure to you and ask you to sign a consent form. At that stage, if there are any questions that you would like to ask about the procedures please do so. You need to inform either the doctor or the nurse present if you have any allergies or have had bad reactions to drugs or other tests in the past. They would also like to know about any previous surgery or operations you have had performed. You will be asked to take off all your clothes below the waist and wear a hospital gown. During the procedure you will be made to feel as comfortable as possible on an examination couch. A nurse will be at your side throughout. She will ask you to rest your legs on two knee supports which are placed on either side near the end of the couch. Very gently, an instrument called a speculum, used when taking cervical smear, is placed within the vagina to enable the doctor to see the neck of the womb. A warm antiseptic solution is used to clean the surface of the cervix. The hysteroscope is gently placed close to the outer opening of the cervix and at this stage a slight cramping feeling may be felt within the lower part of the tummy, not unlike period pain. The hysteroscope is passed through the cervix into the womb and if desired you can watch the progress on the nearby television screen. Any

Will I need hormone replacement Therapy (HRT) 

No, if you have not had your ovaries removed but most likely if you have had your ovaries removed. Please discuss this with your doctor while in hospital. 

Will the ovaries continue to produce eggs? 

Yes. If you have not had your ovaries remove. If you have had surgery involving removal of your fallopian tubes you ovaries will still produce eggs that will then eventually be re-absorbed by body. 

Will I require any medication when I go home? 

On discharge from hospital you may need to take some medication. This will be prescribed and obtained for you from the hospital pharmacy, along obtained for you from the hospital pharmacy, along with any medication that you normally take that you are running out of. The pharmacy normally provides one week supply. If you need any further medication at home you should contact your doctor. A copy of the prescription will be given to you along with your tablets on discharge.

Will I need to visit the hospital again after major abdominal surgery? 

You may need to attend the outpatient shachalinaee for a follow-up appointment, depending on your doctor's wishes. This will be discussed prior to discharge. If an appointment is required it will be given to you on the day you go home. It is important that you attend this appointment to discuss your progress and the results of any test. If you are unable to attend your outpatient appointment it is very important that you cancel the appointment and re-arrange another date.

Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS) is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat kidney stones and certain other kidney conditions. It involves inserting a thin, flexible tube called a ureteroscope through the urinary tract to access the kidney. A laser is then used to break the kidney stones into small fragments, which can either be removed or pass naturally through the urinary tract. 

RIRS is recommended for patients who:

• Have kidney stones that are difficult to treat with non-invasive methods.
• Have anatomical abnormalities that make other treatments difficult.
• Have failed to respond to other treatments for kidney stones.
• Are in good general health. 

Anesthesia: You will be placed under general anesthesia to ensure comfort during the procedure.

Ureteroscope Insertion: A flexible ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra, bladder, and ureter to reach the kidney

Stone Visualization and Fragmentation: Using a high-resolution camera, the surgeon locates the kidney stones. A laser is then used to break the stones into smaller pieces.

Stone Removal: The fragmented stones are either removed using specialized tools or allowed to pass naturally through urine

Stent Placement: A temporary stent may be placed in the ureter to ensure proper drainage and aid recovery. 

• Medical Evaluation: Your doctor will assess your medical history, overall health, and details about your kidney stones.
• Imaging Tests: Tests like CT scans or ultrasounds may be conducted to locate the stones accurately.
• Fasting: You may be instructed to fast for 6-8 hours before the procedure.
• Medication Review: Inform your doctor about all medications you are taking, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements.

• Hospital Stay: Most patients are discharged the same day or the next day after the procedure.
• Discomfort: You may experience mild burning or bleeding during urination for a short time.  
• Stent Management: If a stent is placed, it is usually temporary and will be removed in a follow-up appointment.
• Activity: Rest is advised for a few days, and strenuous activities should be avoided.
• Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids to help flush out any remaining stone fragments.

While RIRS is generally safe, potential risks include:

• Infection: May require antibiotic treatment.
• Bleeding: Minor bleeding during or after the procedure.
• Injury: Possible injury to the ureter or kidney.
• Incomplete Stone Removal: May necessitate additional procedures. Your doctor will discuss these risks with you and take precautions to minimize them.
• Staged procedure: In case of tight ureter, the doctor may place only the stent in first sitting. This is done, to avoid instrumental damage to the ureter. Stent helps to widen the urinary passage. Stone and stent are removed later on, usually after 2- 4 weeks.

Seek medical attention if you experience:

• Fever or chills
• Severe pain not relieved by prescribed medications
• Persistent nausea or vomiting
• Heavy bleeding during urination

• Stent Removal: If a stent was placed, a follow-up appointment will be scheduled for its removal.
• Imaging Tests: Post-procedure imaging may be conducted in some patients, to ensure all stones have been cleared.
• Lifestyle Recommendations: Your doctor may provide dietary and lifestyle advice to prevent future kidney stones.

Liver transplant involves replacement of a patient's diseased liver by a new liver which is derived either from a brain dead but heart beating donor i.e. a cadaver (Cadaveric or Deceased-Donor Liver Transplant or DDLT) or from a living donor (Living Donor Liver Transplant or LDLT). Liver from a cadaver is a complete liver, while that from the living donor is a half or hemiliver. Liver is a unique organ in the human body as it has a special capacity of regeneration.
It has been seen that even 70% of a liver can be safely removed without any untoward consequences because of the capacity of regeneration. The remaining liver rapidly grows and restores the full functional capacity required for the normal functioning of the body. Owing to this unique property, a part of the healthy liver can be safely removed from a voluntary donor and can be utilised to replace a diseased liver in a patient without causing any harm to either the donor or the patient. The remaining half of liver in the donor and recipient grows back to achieve full functional recovery within 3-4 weeks.
Fortis is amongst the very few hospitals offering Small Incision Donor Hepatectomy (SIDH) for donors. SIDH minimises the time for recovery and markedly decreases complications relating to surgical wound and scarring by providing a smaller and cosmetically acceptable scar compared to
conventional incision used at various other centres. In the quest towards further improving donor safety and its outcome, the department visions to introduce laparoscopy and robotic assisted donor hepatectomy.

Fortis team brings together the best brains in the country who have worked at various centres across the globe under one unit. They also have a rich cumulative experience of working at various successful Transplant centres in India.
 

• Outcomes: Success rate in high nineties
• Donor safety
• Small Incision Donor Hepatectomy
• Affordable packages
• Experience of performing high number of liver transplants

Patients of liver cirrhosis with end stage liver failure require a liver transplant. The other condition requiring a liver transplant include acute or fulminant liver failure and liver cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma).

Easy fatigability and lethargy, progressive or persistent jaundice, abdominal distenion (Ascites). altered mental functions or (Hepatic encephalopathy), decreased urine output or renal failure, easy bruisability or recurrent epistaxis (coagulopathy) and/or hematemesis and passage of black colored stools signifies presence of liver failure. Patients of liver cirrhosis with any of these symptoms require evaluation by a specialist regarding requirement of a liver transplant.

Common ailments leading to end stage liver failure include viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C), regular alcohol consumption in excess, autoimmune liver cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cryptogenic liver disease (when cause is not known) and cholestatic liver diseases like primary or secondary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In children, congenital disorders like biliary atresia, Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestatis (PFIC) and Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis can lead to end stage liver failure and requires a liver transplant.
WHAT IS ACUTE LIVER FAILURE?
Sometimes patients without any evidence of any liver disease or cirrhosis develop liver failure within a short span of time (within 2-6 weeks) and are present with signs of liver failure like deep and progressive jaundice, altered sensorium or liver coma (Hepatic Encephalopathy). This disease is medically called as acute liver failure or fulminant liver failure. Patients of this disease usually don't survive unless an urgent liver transplant is performed.

Various causes that can lead to acute liver failure include overuse of drugs (paracetamol) or toxins (herbal or ayurvedic medications), viral hepatitis (Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E and Hepatitis B), and Wilson's disease (an inborn disorder of copper metabolism). Acute or fulminant liver failure as a result of any of these conditions is an emergency and an urgent liver transplant (within hours) has to be performed.

The new liver can be obtained either from a brain dead heart beating (cadaveric) donor or from a voluntary living liver donor.

In India, cadaveric liver transplantation is less popular owing to lack of cadaveric organ donation. Awareness regarding sanctity of organ donation is still in its infancy not only in India but in the eastern part of the world making Living Donor Liver Transplant more popular in these areas.

Any person above the age of 18 years can legally donate his part of liver. Howev-er, in India as per Human Organ Act 1996, liver donation is restricted to family members (brother, sister, father, mother, son, daughter) or close relatives (uncle, aunt, cousin, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, grandparents). Medically, the liver donor should have a compatible blood group (same blood group as patient or O group), should not be more than 55 years of age and should be medically fit and psychologically sound. All voluntary liver donors are evaluated thoroughly to look for medical and surgical fitness.

The success rate of liver transplant worldwide is around 85-90%. Most of the patients lead a normal, healthy and productive life following a liver transplant.
However, the individual outcome depends on patient factors like cause of the disease, degree of liver failure, patient's general conditions, etc., and cannot be generalised.

Donors can usually be discharged within 10 days and patients within 2-3 weeks' time. Donors can resume their normal activities within
3-4 weeks and get back to their jobs within 6 weeks' time and patients would require 4-6 months to resume work post the surgery. No special precautions are needed for the donors after about 4-6 weeks and they lead a normal life thereafter. Patients of liver transplant have to receive life-long immunosuppressive medication. They have to take special care for prevention of infections. There are no specific dietary restrictions.

In total knee replacement surgery, the parts of bones the rub together are resurfaced with metal and plastic implants. Using computers and special precision instruments, the damaged surfaces of the bones are removed and replacement surfaces fixed into place. The surface of the femur is replaced with a rounded metal component that comes very close to matching the curve of your natural bone. The surface of the tibia I leg bone is replaced with a smooth plastic component. This flat metal component holds a smooth plastic piece made of ultra high molecular - weight polyethylene plastic that serves as the cartilage. The undersurface of the knee cap may also be replaced with an implant made of the same polyethylene plastic.

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common viral infections in the world. It spreads easily through skin-to-skin contact, most often during intimate contact. While many HPV infections go away on their own, some types can lead to serious health problems — including cervical cancer, anal cancer, throat cancer, penile cancer, and genital warts.

Thankfully, there is a simple and highly effective way to protect yourself and your loved ones — the HPV vaccine.

What Is the HPV Vaccine?

The HPV vaccine is a preventive vaccine designed to protect against the most dangerous strains of the virus. It helps your body develop immunity before you are exposed to the virus, making it most effective when given at a younger age. The vaccine doesn’t treat existing infections but prevents future infections and HPV-related cancers.

There are multiple types of HPV, but the vaccine primarily targets HPV types 16 and 18, which cause over 70% of cervical cancer cases, along with other high-risk types.

Who Should Get the Vaccine?

• Girls and Boys (Aged 9–14): This is the ideal age group for vaccination. Two doses are given 6–12 months apart.
• Teens and Young Adults (Aged 15–26): Can still benefit from the vaccine with a three-dose schedule.
• Adults (Aged 27–45): May also receive the vaccine after discussing with a healthcare provider, especially if at risk.

Why Is the HPV Vaccine Important?

• Prevents up to 90% of HPV-related cancers.
• Reduces the risk of cervical cancer, which affects thousands of women each year.
• Offers protection for both men and women.
• Helps reduce the spread of the virus in the population — offering herd protection.

Is It Safe?

Yes! The HPV vaccine has been given to millions of people worldwide and is considered very safe. Common side effects are mild and temporary — including pain or swelling at the injection site, headache, or slight fever. Serious reactions are extremely rare.

When Should You Get Vaccinated?

The earlier, the better! Vaccinating children before they become sexually active offers the highest level of protection. But it's never too late to protect yourself — speak to your doctor to see if the vaccine is right for you.

Take Charge of Your Health

Cancer prevention starts early. By choosing the HPV vaccine, you are investing in a healthy future. Talk to your doctor, schedule your vaccination, and encourage others to do the same.

Your protection is in your hands — start today!

Plastic Surgery is the speciality, which is concerned with healing of wounds, restoration, regeneration and improvement of form and function. The speciality had its origin at around 600BC when Sushruta laid down the foundations of Surgery and described a method to reconstruct the amputated nose, which is still practiced today. Unlike other surgical super specialities
(such as Cardiothoracic Surgery or Neurosurgery), Plastic Surgery is not defined by a body region or organ system. Today, a Plastic Surgeon operates from head to toe and hence, Plastic Surgery is one of the broadest specialities. The word 'Plastic' was derived from Greek word 'Plastikos' which means fit for moulding. The term was coined by Desault, a French surgeon and was likely published in 1798 by his pupil Bichat.
Aristotle, as quoted by Webster, wrote 'Art indeed consists in the conception of the result to be produced before its realization in the material'. This is just one of the teachings that goes into the rigorous training of a Plastic Surgeon. Sir Harold Delf Gillies, considered by many to be the Father of modern Plastic Surgery, often said- 'While Reconstructive Surgery aims to restore an individual to normal, Cosmetic Surgery attempts to surpass the normal'. It is this dictum, which most aptly defines the difference between Cosmetic Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery, both being branches of Plastic Surgery.

An individual, who comes for cosmetic surgery is not suffering from any disease as defined conventionally. Rather, he aims to improve upon his appearance, which helps in restoring his self esteem and improves the body image. Similarly, an individual who wishes to reverse the effects of age on body form and appearance also opts for cosmetic surgery.
Hair restoration by means of follicular unit grafting or follicular unit extraction can be done to restore hairline and cover scalp in a case of baldness. Upper eyelid blepharoplasty can improve the appearance of tired looking and hooded eyes, while lower eyelid blepharoplasty can remove eyebags and loose lower eyelid skin leading to rejuvenation, Facelift surgery together with neck lift can restore youthfulness to a sagging face and aging neck with neck bands. Double chin correction can restore an aesthetic mento-cervical angle. There are today literally
hundreds of procedures, which can lead to rejuvenation and improvement in aesthetics of various body regions

Typically, the patient is an individual, who has suffered the loss or mutilation of a body part. This may be due to a birth defect, trauma, agcident, excision for a tunour, burns, infection etc. Reconstructive surgery aims to restore the affected body part to normal. The examples are reconstruction of a breast in a patient, who
has undergone its removal in the treatment of breast cancer. Similarly, reconstruction of lower jaw, following its resection to treat cancer, is reconstructive surgery. In addition to post cancer resection reconstructive surgery, it is also carried out when the body part has been lost due to injury, infection, other diseases and birth defects. Reconstructive surgery may be carried out with the help of local flaps (tissue situated near the site of defect), distant flaps (tissue situated away from the site of defect, but which can be brought near the site ie cross leg flap) or microvascular free tissue transfer (in this case, the block of tissue consisting of various structures is detached from the site of origin and transferred to the site of defect. At the same time, the blood vessels and if required, nerve are joined to the recipient site vessels and nerve with the help of microsurgery).
Besides the above-mentioned broad divisions, procedures in Plastic Surgery are also grouped together to facilitate understanding and transmission of medical knowledge, as well as better understanding by the patient. Many of these groups of procedures overlap with regional specialities and are often carried out in a teamwork with these specialists.
These groups of procedures/ sub-specialities are:
Craniofacial surgery: Correction of
anomalies of skull and face, for example-
craniosynostosis (premature fusion of skull bones resulting in deformed shape of head and many a times increased pressure on brain). Craniofacial clefts (birth defects leading to deformed facial structures as well as extending into cranium.
Maxillofacial and Orthognathic surgery: Repair of trauma, birth defects and growth anomalies of face and jaws, removal of tumours etc. These techniques are also used for improving facial aesthetics as well as facial harmonization (facial feminization and facial masculinization surgeries).
Medical and surgical management of burns: The management of burns involves a multidisciplinary approach, including wound assessment, pain control, fluid resuscitation, infection prevention, and surgical interventions like skin grafting for optimal healing and functional outcomes.
Hand Surgery: Correction of birth defects, trauma, replantation, revascularization and various other conditions of hand and upper limb. Allotransplantation of hands.
Breast Surgery: In females, Breast augmentation with the help of implants or own body fat, breast lift to improve the appearance of sagging breasts, breast reduction surgery to allow better fitting of clothing and relieving neck and shoulder pain in those patients with heavy breasts. In males- Breast reduction surgery to correct gynecomastia (breast enlargement in a male).
Body contouring surgery: This includes procedures such as liposuction, abdominoplasty (tummy tuck), buttock lift by implant or one own body fat (Brazilian butt lift), thigh lift, correction of inner arm folds (Batwing) deformity etc.
Bariplastic surgery: with the advent of Bariatric surgery, there has been an increase in number of patients with massive weight loss. When someone undergoes a weight loss of more than 25-30 Kgs, whether by bariatric surgery or otherwise, the shrinkage capacity of overlying soft tissue and skin is exceeded. As a result, there is hanging of these structures.
The typical areas are breasts, abdomen, buttock, thighs and inner arms. These can be improved with the help of techniques under Bariplastic surgery.
Oncoplastic Surgery: Often the oncosurgery (cancer excision surgery) carried out to remove/ control the spread of cancer leaves huge defects, which precludes normal form and function. For example, removal of lower jaw by cancer surgeon leaves a gaping hole in face, from which there is constant dribbling of saliva as well as visible oral structures such as teeth and tongue. Oncoplastic surgery restores all the layers of jaw (inner lining-the mucosa, bone as well as outer lining- the skin) by borrowing tissue from other body areas, and sometimes the implants as well thus allowing a reasonable form and function.
Generally, these surgeries are carried out at the same sitting, so that when patient wakes up from anesthesia, then in addition to cancer control, he has a semblance of normalcy.
Microsurgery: This refers to all procedures, in which use of magnification with the help of loupes and microscopes to restore blood flow and innervation to the area/ transferred tissue is done. For example- in cases of amputation of fingers, hand/ foot etc, in addition to joining bone, muscles, tendons and skin, microsurgery is required to restore blood flow and prevent the part from dying. This procedure is known as replantation. When transferring tissues (flap) from one area of the body to other area, which is not adjacent, often blood vessels and nerves are required to be connected with the help of microsurgery, to restore viability. This is known as free flap surgery.
Surgery of birth defects: One in 600 children is born with a cleft of lip or palate. In addition birth defects such as craniofacial clefts, congenital hand anomalies such as syndactyly, polydactyly, congenital rings, genital defects such as hypospadias, epispadias, vaginal agenesis, disorders of sexual development etc. can be treated with Plastic Surgery.
Surgery for trauma: The commonest injuries a Plastic surgeon encounters are lacerations in various body areas, especially face, and fingertip/ hand injuries. In addition, Plastic Surgery plays a large part in cases such as road traffic injuries, crush injuries of limbs, amputations, facial fractures etc.
Improvement of pre-existing scars: Scars, which are present due to previous trauma or burns can be improved by various methods in Plastic Surgery armamentarium. These include scar revision, local flaps, tissue expansion, free flaps, composite tissue transfer and allotransplantation such as face transplant.
Gender Affirmative Surgeries: Physical 'sex' of a person is usually assigned at birth, based on external appearance by parents and the physician. On the other hand, the word
'Gender' refers to our innate sense of being a man/ woman/ some other or someone in between. Normally, one's physical sex and 'gender are in alignment. In a few individuals, there is a noticeable and persistent incongruence between 'sex' and 'gender identity' to an extent, that the individuals wish to get rid of their primary and/or secondary sexual characteristics and acquire the physical/ phenotypic characteristics of a gender, which is different from that of assigned (birth) sex/ gender. The inherent need by these persons to express their perceived gender, their longing for the society to accept them in this role, and their negative treatment by the society gives rise to a deep- seated distress. This phenomenon was classified as Gender Dysphoria (GD) in DSM- V and Gender Incongruence as per ICD-11. Many such individuals feel that they are trapped in the wrong sex body and wish to transition to a body congruent with their gender identity and expression. Fortis Hospital Shalimar Bagh has physicians experienced in gender affirmative care and a multispeciality gender affirmation clinic treating a large number of transitioning individuals, which has been providing gender sensitive and affirmative care to these individuals since a long time. The clinic provides mental health services, endocrine (hormone) care, and affirmative surgical care, which includes facial feminization and harmonization, affirmative voice surgery, hair transplants, rhinoplasty, body contouring, top surgery, breast augmentation, gynecological care, genital surgery including phalloplasty and vaginoplasty by various methods etc. The clinic adheres to standards of care (SOCs 7th and 8th) for transitioning individuals as published by World Professional association for Transgender health (WPATH) as well as Indian Professional Association for Transgender Health (ISOC-1) and has an excellent track record in helping thousands of gender incongruent individuals in their long journey of transition to their desired gender role.

The recovery period varies as per the type of surgery performed. There are today thousands of procedures, that are carried out in Plastic Surgery. Some procedures such as suturing of lacerations or simple scar revisions, botox, fillers have no downtime and the person can resume work/ social activities in a few days, or the same day. Procedures such as free flap surgeries, phalloplasty, vaginoplasty, facial fractures fixation require bed rest for several days, and off work for several weeks.
WHAT TECHNIQUES ARE USED FOR RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY?
Techniques in reconstructive surgery can be classified in ascending order of complexity, depending on the type of defect and desired result. This classification/ list is known as reconstructive ladder. The simplest procedures is dressing of a wound and allowing it to heal
over a period of time. This is known as healing by secondary intention, and is usually done in small wounds in non- aesthetic and non- joint areas of body.
Wound suturing, skin grafting, dermal substitutes, vacuum assisted closure of wounds, 3D printed scaffolds, use of adjacent flaps, distant flaps, prefabricated flaps, free flaps, composite tissue transfer and tissue allotransplantation are deployed in increasingly complex situations.

Yes. Plastic Surgery is still surgery, and not a magic wand. Hence there may be risks and complications associated with these procedures.
Bleeding and infection can occur with any surgical intervention, in addition depending on local area, nerve damage, vessel damage etc. can occur, though all interventions
in any surgical procedure are designed to minimize and reduce the chances of complications. An important concept in Plastic Surgery is the risk- benefit ratio.
Unless a fairly good benefit in form or function is anticipated/ visualized, the procedure is not carried out. For example, patient already has a fine scar, removing this scar tissue and closing the wound will induce the body to form a fresh scar. Scarring is the only way, that a human body knows, to heal the wound. Since the original scar was already fine, not much benefit will occur by performing the surgery, as risk- benefit ratio is not favourable. Hence the surgery is not carried out.

Yes. Once the full thickness of skin is cut through, a scar will always result. This is the only way human body knows how to heal the wound. Some animals such as salamanders have property of scarless healing. Since Plastic Surgeons know that scar will always occur, they employ often difficult and surgically complex approaches in which scar will remain well hidden. For example, rhinoplasty is carried out from within the nose, and not by external incisions, to hide the scar.
Many forehead surgeries are carried out from within the hairline, and not directly on forehead. Many procedures on upper and lower jaw are carried out from within the mouth. However, in instances, where injuries have already caused an external wound/ scar, it's position can't be changed, It can later be revised if possible or improved with scar reducing medication and fractional lasers. Reconstruction of ear is best done around age 7 years, etc.

Effects of aging on the body are relentless, and so is the effect of gravity as well as environment and oxidants. Therefore, even the greatest surgical results with begin to fade after some time. However the result is likely to be always better than if the aging were to occur from starting point. As nothing in life is permanent, there is no guarantee that results will last a lifetime. Though cosmetic (aesthetic) surgery can improve your body image, it may not change your life, career and marriage prospects. Also no person can transform into another person, a myth often propagated by films and serials, though results can often be dramatic.

Not always, but in many instances. Surgery for cleft lip and palate will improve the looks as well as competence of oral cavity and speech. Surgery for removal of neck contracture will improve the appearance as well as neck movements etc.

lip surgery is often carried out a ge 3 months, Cleft pala, rat age 9-18 months. If surgery is done earlier tha this age, there may be more growth retardation of upper jaw. Doing surgery later than this age range often results in poor speech development.

Yes, there may be some non-surgical alternatives to surgical procedures. In many cases, these alternatives are complementary to the surgical procedure. For example, in mild sagging of face, a thread lift may be carried out. The downtime is less, even though effects may be less profound than a surgical facelift.
Procedures such as botox and fillers may enhance the results of a surgical facelift and are often carried out before or after a facelift. Some fat reducing methods such as cool sculpting may be carried out for minor degrees of fat accumulation.
Deoxycholate injections may be employed to reduce submental (double chin) fat etc.

Pulmonary hypertension is a form of Hypertension (“High Blood Pressure”) in the vessels of the body carrying blood from the lungs to the heart. It is different from routine “high blood pressure” in the fact that, hypertension refers to the higher pressures in vessels delivering blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

If you suffer from pulmonary hypertension, it is vital to know that there are different therapies based on the different causes of pulmonary hypertension and you must visit a physician or centre with appropriate experience with dealing with the same. This may include medical management for the underlying diseases, medicines to reduce the pressures in the vessels themselves, blood thinning medicines, surgical techniques for improving right ventricular function or even transplanting a new heart and lungs in extreme cases. There is significant role of limited daily physical exercises. Yoga and breathing exercises also help in improving lung capacity and reduction of symptoms. 

Visit a our pulmonary hypertension clinic at Fortis Hospital Mulund